1 00:00:17,029 --> 00:00:19,880 Americans referred to fades of Discovery 2 00:00:19,880 --> 00:00:19,890 Americans referred to fades of Discovery 3 00:00:19,890 --> 00:01:02,410 Americans referred to fades of Discovery cleared the tower 4 00:01:02,410 --> 00:01:02,420 5 00:01:02,420 --> 00:01:06,050 this is Saturn five the rocket that will 6 00:01:06,050 --> 00:01:06,060 this is Saturn five the rocket that will 7 00:01:06,060 --> 00:01:08,300 this is Saturn five the rocket that will send three Americans toward the moon in 8 00:01:08,300 --> 00:01:08,310 send three Americans toward the moon in 9 00:01:08,310 --> 00:01:11,900 send three Americans toward the moon in project Apollo but this historic journey 10 00:01:11,900 --> 00:01:11,910 project Apollo but this historic journey 11 00:01:11,910 --> 00:01:13,850 project Apollo but this historic journey cannot be attempted without knowledge 12 00:01:13,850 --> 00:01:13,860 cannot be attempted without knowledge 13 00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:17,630 cannot be attempted without knowledge knowledge based on experience for the 14 00:01:17,630 --> 00:01:17,640 knowledge based on experience for the 15 00:01:17,640 --> 00:01:20,420 knowledge based on experience for the United States experience came by seeking 16 00:01:20,420 --> 00:01:20,430 United States experience came by seeking 17 00:01:20,430 --> 00:01:23,990 United States experience came by seeking answers to certain basic questions could 18 00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:24,000 answers to certain basic questions could 19 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:25,910 answers to certain basic questions could a human being withstand an eight-day 20 00:01:25,910 --> 00:01:25,920 a human being withstand an eight-day 21 00:01:25,920 --> 00:01:29,660 a human being withstand an eight-day flight to the moon and back could a man 22 00:01:29,660 --> 00:01:29,670 flight to the moon and back could a man 23 00:01:29,670 --> 00:01:31,779 flight to the moon and back could a man control the movements of his spacecraft 24 00:01:31,779 --> 00:01:31,789 control the movements of his spacecraft 25 00:01:31,789 --> 00:01:34,010 control the movements of his spacecraft rendezvous and dock with another vehicle 26 00:01:34,010 --> 00:01:34,020 rendezvous and dock with another vehicle 27 00:01:34,020 --> 00:01:37,219 rendezvous and dock with another vehicle orbiting the moon could he leave the 28 00:01:37,219 --> 00:01:37,229 orbiting the moon could he leave the 29 00:01:37,229 --> 00:01:39,230 orbiting the moon could he leave the protective cover of his spacecraft and 30 00:01:39,230 --> 00:01:39,240 protective cover of his spacecraft and 31 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:43,580 protective cover of his spacecraft and perform useful work in space could he 32 00:01:43,580 --> 00:01:43,590 perform useful work in space could he 33 00:01:43,590 --> 00:01:45,529 perform useful work in space could he function effectively as an experimenter 34 00:01:45,529 --> 00:01:45,539 function effectively as an experimenter 35 00:01:45,539 --> 00:01:47,779 function effectively as an experimenter and use spaceflight to advance human 36 00:01:47,779 --> 00:01:47,789 and use spaceflight to advance human 37 00:01:47,789 --> 00:01:52,080 and use spaceflight to advance human knowledge 38 00:01:52,080 --> 00:01:52,090 39 00:01:52,090 --> 00:01:54,719 could the Apollo spacecraft be guided 40 00:01:54,719 --> 00:01:54,729 could the Apollo spacecraft be guided 41 00:01:54,729 --> 00:01:56,940 could the Apollo spacecraft be guided and controlled during re-entry into the 42 00:01:56,940 --> 00:01:56,950 and controlled during re-entry into the 43 00:01:56,950 --> 00:01:59,010 and controlled during re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere so it could make 44 00:01:59,010 --> 00:01:59,020 Earth's atmosphere so it could make 45 00:01:59,020 --> 00:02:08,900 Earth's atmosphere so it could make precision landings any place on earth 46 00:02:08,900 --> 00:02:08,910 47 00:02:08,910 --> 00:02:11,270 if the answer to any of these questions 48 00:02:11,270 --> 00:02:11,280 if the answer to any of these questions 49 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:14,120 if the answer to any of these questions was no it had to be known before three 50 00:02:14,120 --> 00:02:14,130 was no it had to be known before three 51 00:02:14,130 --> 00:02:16,100 was no it had to be known before three men travel a quarter of a million miles 52 00:02:16,100 --> 00:02:16,110 men travel a quarter of a million miles 53 00:02:16,110 --> 00:02:20,870 men travel a quarter of a million miles to the moon and so in 1961 the Gemini 54 00:02:20,870 --> 00:02:20,880 to the moon and so in 1961 the Gemini 55 00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:23,540 to the moon and so in 1961 the Gemini program came into being as the necessary 56 00:02:23,540 --> 00:02:23,550 program came into being as the necessary 57 00:02:23,550 --> 00:02:27,290 program came into being as the necessary prelude to Apollo this is the story of 58 00:02:27,290 --> 00:02:27,300 prelude to Apollo this is the story of 59 00:02:27,300 --> 00:03:09,710 prelude to Apollo this is the story of Germany and its legacy to space flight 60 00:03:09,710 --> 00:03:09,720 61 00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:13,500 on Germany training began on earth and 62 00:03:13,500 --> 00:03:13,510 on Germany training began on earth and 63 00:03:13,510 --> 00:03:17,430 on Germany training began on earth and in the atmosphere this specially 64 00:03:17,430 --> 00:03:17,440 in the atmosphere this specially 65 00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:19,530 in the atmosphere this specially designed airplane was flown hundreds of 66 00:03:19,530 --> 00:03:19,540 designed airplane was flown hundreds of 67 00:03:19,540 --> 00:03:21,930 designed airplane was flown hundreds of times on parabolic sweeps into the sky 68 00:03:21,930 --> 00:03:21,940 times on parabolic sweeps into the sky 69 00:03:21,940 --> 00:03:24,360 times on parabolic sweeps into the sky to provide the Gemini astronauts with 70 00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:24,370 to provide the Gemini astronauts with 71 00:03:24,370 --> 00:03:29,300 to provide the Gemini astronauts with brief periods of weightlessness 72 00:03:29,300 --> 00:03:29,310 73 00:03:29,310 --> 00:03:31,860 here's seconds at a time the 74 00:03:31,860 --> 00:03:31,870 here's seconds at a time the 75 00:03:31,870 --> 00:03:33,960 here's seconds at a time the difficulties of living in space were 76 00:03:33,960 --> 00:03:33,970 difficulties of living in space were 77 00:03:33,970 --> 00:03:43,350 difficulties of living in space were rehearsed working under zero gravity the 78 00:03:43,350 --> 00:03:43,360 rehearsed working under zero gravity the 79 00:03:43,360 --> 00:03:45,540 rehearsed working under zero gravity the Gemini astronauts gained experience with 80 00:03:45,540 --> 00:03:45,550 Gemini astronauts gained experience with 81 00:03:45,550 --> 00:03:47,610 Gemini astronauts gained experience with the equipment and techniques they would 82 00:03:47,610 --> 00:03:47,620 the equipment and techniques they would 83 00:03:47,620 --> 00:03:50,370 the equipment and techniques they would soon take into space it took hours of 84 00:03:50,370 --> 00:03:50,380 soon take into space it took hours of 85 00:03:50,380 --> 00:03:51,900 soon take into space it took hours of training under these rigorous conditions 86 00:03:51,900 --> 00:03:51,910 training under these rigorous conditions 87 00:03:51,910 --> 00:03:54,510 training under these rigorous conditions to develop the confidence needed for 88 00:03:54,510 --> 00:03:54,520 to develop the confidence needed for 89 00:03:54,520 --> 00:04:01,800 to develop the confidence needed for operating in the space environment 90 00:04:01,800 --> 00:04:01,810 91 00:04:01,810 --> 00:04:03,870 the Gemini astronauts took their 92 00:04:03,870 --> 00:04:03,880 the Gemini astronauts took their 93 00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:11,160 the Gemini astronauts took their equipment underwater balanced between 94 00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:11,170 equipment underwater balanced between 95 00:04:11,170 --> 00:04:12,840 equipment underwater balanced between sinking and rising 96 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:12,850 sinking and rising 97 00:04:12,850 --> 00:04:14,910 sinking and rising they learned to pace themselves as they 98 00:04:14,910 --> 00:04:14,920 they learned to pace themselves as they 99 00:04:14,920 --> 00:04:16,860 they learned to pace themselves as they perform tasks in a condition that 100 00:04:16,860 --> 00:04:16,870 perform tasks in a condition that 101 00:04:16,870 --> 00:04:18,690 perform tasks in a condition that simulated longer periods of 102 00:04:18,690 --> 00:04:18,700 simulated longer periods of 103 00:04:18,700 --> 00:04:33,060 simulated longer periods of weightlessness 104 00:04:33,060 --> 00:04:33,070 105 00:04:33,070 --> 00:04:36,160 in the translation and docking simulator 106 00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:36,170 in the translation and docking simulator 107 00:04:36,170 --> 00:04:38,140 in the translation and docking simulator they got the feel of maneuvering their 108 00:04:38,140 --> 00:04:38,150 they got the feel of maneuvering their 109 00:04:38,150 --> 00:04:40,270 they got the feel of maneuvering their spacecraft into position for docking 110 00:04:40,270 --> 00:04:40,280 spacecraft into position for docking 111 00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:59,189 spacecraft into position for docking with another vehicle 112 00:04:59,189 --> 00:04:59,199 113 00:04:59,199 --> 00:05:02,129 in the German emissions simulator they 114 00:05:02,129 --> 00:05:02,139 in the German emissions simulator they 115 00:05:02,139 --> 00:05:04,409 in the German emissions simulator they flew entire missions without leaving the 116 00:05:04,409 --> 00:05:04,419 flew entire missions without leaving the 117 00:05:04,419 --> 00:05:07,260 flew entire missions without leaving the ground here they learn to react quickly 118 00:05:07,260 --> 00:05:07,270 ground here they learn to react quickly 119 00:05:07,270 --> 00:05:09,959 ground here they learn to react quickly and correctly to problems fed to them 120 00:05:09,959 --> 00:05:09,969 and correctly to problems fed to them 121 00:05:09,969 --> 00:05:18,460 and correctly to problems fed to them through computers 122 00:05:18,460 --> 00:05:18,470 123 00:05:18,470 --> 00:05:21,110 the Gemini astronauts exposed themselves 124 00:05:21,110 --> 00:05:21,120 the Gemini astronauts exposed themselves 125 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:26,260 the Gemini astronauts exposed themselves to the stresses of the space environment 126 00:05:26,260 --> 00:05:26,270 127 00:05:26,270 --> 00:05:29,420 they trained for emergencies learning 128 00:05:29,420 --> 00:05:29,430 they trained for emergencies learning 129 00:05:29,430 --> 00:05:31,130 they trained for emergencies learning how to react if things did not go 130 00:05:31,130 --> 00:05:31,140 how to react if things did not go 131 00:05:31,140 --> 00:05:33,430 how to react if things did not go exactly according to plan 132 00:05:33,430 --> 00:05:33,440 exactly according to plan 133 00:05:33,440 --> 00:05:35,630 exactly according to plan parachute training in case they were 134 00:05:35,630 --> 00:05:35,640 parachute training in case they were 135 00:05:35,640 --> 00:05:45,700 parachute training in case they were forced to eject from their spacecraft 136 00:05:45,700 --> 00:05:45,710 137 00:05:45,710 --> 00:05:53,920 water survival for landings in the ocean 138 00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:53,930 139 00:05:53,930 --> 00:06:06,640 survival in desert and jungle 140 00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:06,650 141 00:06:06,650 --> 00:06:09,499 but ultimately there was no substitute 142 00:06:09,499 --> 00:06:09,509 but ultimately there was no substitute 143 00:06:09,509 --> 00:06:13,219 but ultimately there was no substitute for being there Germany took the men and 144 00:06:13,219 --> 00:06:13,229 for being there Germany took the men and 145 00:06:13,229 --> 00:06:20,589 for being there Germany took the men and the tools and the problems into orbit in 146 00:06:20,589 --> 00:06:20,599 147 00:06:20,599 --> 00:06:24,679 the 18 months between March 1965 and 148 00:06:24,679 --> 00:06:24,689 the 18 months between March 1965 and 149 00:06:24,689 --> 00:06:28,189 the 18 months between March 1965 and November 1966 ten manned missions were 150 00:06:28,189 --> 00:06:28,199 November 1966 ten manned missions were 151 00:06:28,199 --> 00:06:31,879 November 1966 ten manned missions were launched from Cape Kennedy sixteen 152 00:06:31,879 --> 00:06:31,889 launched from Cape Kennedy sixteen 153 00:06:31,889 --> 00:06:33,769 launched from Cape Kennedy sixteen astronauts journey to their spacecraft 154 00:06:33,769 --> 00:06:33,779 astronauts journey to their spacecraft 155 00:06:33,779 --> 00:06:40,960 astronauts journey to their spacecraft on launch pad 19 156 00:06:40,960 --> 00:06:40,970 157 00:06:40,970 --> 00:06:43,460 Virgil Grissom and John Young were first 158 00:06:43,460 --> 00:06:43,470 Virgil Grissom and John Young were first 159 00:06:43,470 --> 00:06:46,700 Virgil Grissom and John Young were first then James McDivitt and Edward white L 160 00:06:46,700 --> 00:06:46,710 then James McDivitt and Edward white L 161 00:06:46,710 --> 00:06:49,550 then James McDivitt and Edward white L Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad Frank 162 00:06:49,550 --> 00:06:49,560 Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad Frank 163 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:51,890 Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad Frank Borman and James Lovell Walter schirra 164 00:06:51,890 --> 00:06:51,900 Borman and James Lovell Walter schirra 165 00:06:51,900 --> 00:06:54,980 Borman and James Lovell Walter schirra Thomas Stafford Neil Armstrong David 166 00:06:54,980 --> 00:06:54,990 Thomas Stafford Neil Armstrong David 167 00:06:54,990 --> 00:06:57,530 Thomas Stafford Neil Armstrong David Scott Eugene Cernan and Michael Collins 168 00:06:57,530 --> 00:06:57,540 Scott Eugene Cernan and Michael Collins 169 00:06:57,540 --> 00:07:01,490 Scott Eugene Cernan and Michael Collins Richard Gordon Edwin Albert four of the 170 00:07:01,490 --> 00:07:01,500 Richard Gordon Edwin Albert four of the 171 00:07:01,500 --> 00:07:03,640 Richard Gordon Edwin Albert four of the Gemini astronauts made the trip twice 172 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:03,650 Gemini astronauts made the trip twice 173 00:07:03,650 --> 00:07:06,590 Gemini astronauts made the trip twice together these men helped thrust the 174 00:07:06,590 --> 00:07:06,600 together these men helped thrust the 175 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:08,510 together these men helped thrust the United States into a new era of 176 00:07:08,510 --> 00:07:08,520 United States into a new era of 177 00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:16,990 United States into a new era of exploration 178 00:07:16,990 --> 00:07:17,000 179 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:20,180 Gemini was a single concept with a 180 00:07:20,180 --> 00:07:20,190 Gemini was a single concept with a 181 00:07:20,190 --> 00:07:22,670 Gemini was a single concept with a number of assignments it was in a sense 182 00:07:22,670 --> 00:07:22,680 number of assignments it was in a sense 183 00:07:22,680 --> 00:07:35,020 number of assignments it was in a sense one launch one flight one recovery 184 00:07:35,020 --> 00:07:35,030 185 00:07:35,030 --> 00:07:41,240 five four tickets countdown dance all 186 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:41,250 five four tickets countdown dance all 187 00:07:41,250 --> 00:07:58,909 five four tickets countdown dance all right eight seven six five Oh 188 00:07:58,909 --> 00:07:58,919 189 00:07:58,919 --> 00:08:46,439 ow 190 00:08:46,439 --> 00:08:46,449 191 00:08:46,449 --> 00:08:50,139 space is infinite it heals slowly to 192 00:08:50,139 --> 00:08:50,149 space is infinite it heals slowly to 193 00:08:50,149 --> 00:08:53,050 space is infinite it heals slowly to exploration in their voyages into this 194 00:08:53,050 --> 00:08:53,060 exploration in their voyages into this 195 00:08:53,060 --> 00:08:55,300 exploration in their voyages into this environment the Gemini astronauts logged 196 00:08:55,300 --> 00:08:55,310 environment the Gemini astronauts logged 197 00:08:55,310 --> 00:08:59,009 environment the Gemini astronauts logged more than 1940 man hours of flight 198 00:08:59,009 --> 00:08:59,019 more than 1940 man hours of flight 199 00:08:59,019 --> 00:09:01,449 more than 1940 man hours of flight hurtling through space at five miles a 200 00:09:01,449 --> 00:09:01,459 hurtling through space at five miles a 201 00:09:01,459 --> 00:09:03,879 hurtling through space at five miles a second they circled the earth six 202 00:09:03,879 --> 00:09:03,889 second they circled the earth six 203 00:09:03,889 --> 00:09:09,309 second they circled the earth six hundred times in their forty birthdays 204 00:09:09,309 --> 00:09:09,319 hundred times in their forty birthdays 205 00:09:09,319 --> 00:09:11,799 hundred times in their forty birthdays in space they witnessed as few men have 206 00:09:11,799 --> 00:09:11,809 in space they witnessed as few men have 207 00:09:11,809 --> 00:09:14,439 in space they witnessed as few men have hundreds of sunsets on the changing 208 00:09:14,439 --> 00:09:14,449 hundreds of sunsets on the changing 209 00:09:14,449 --> 00:09:31,440 hundreds of sunsets on the changing horizons of our planet 210 00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:31,450 211 00:09:31,450 --> 00:09:33,600 sweeping over continents in a matter of 212 00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:33,610 sweeping over continents in a matter of 213 00:09:33,610 --> 00:09:35,880 sweeping over continents in a matter of minutes they gained a new perspective of 214 00:09:35,880 --> 00:09:35,890 minutes they gained a new perspective of 215 00:09:35,890 --> 00:09:51,600 minutes they gained a new perspective of earth for Gemini equipment and 216 00:09:51,600 --> 00:09:51,610 earth for Gemini equipment and 217 00:09:51,610 --> 00:09:53,460 earth for Gemini equipment and techniques were developed that enabled 218 00:09:53,460 --> 00:09:53,470 techniques were developed that enabled 219 00:09:53,470 --> 00:09:55,410 techniques were developed that enabled astronauts for the first time to 220 00:09:55,410 --> 00:09:55,420 astronauts for the first time to 221 00:09:55,420 --> 00:09:57,810 astronauts for the first time to maneuver their spacecraft to change 222 00:09:57,810 --> 00:09:57,820 maneuver their spacecraft to change 223 00:09:57,820 --> 00:10:09,860 maneuver their spacecraft to change their orbit to accelerate to new heights 224 00:10:09,860 --> 00:10:09,870 225 00:10:09,870 --> 00:10:12,750 the first Gemini maneuvers were basic 226 00:10:12,750 --> 00:10:12,760 the first Gemini maneuvers were basic 227 00:10:12,760 --> 00:10:15,390 the first Gemini maneuvers were basic flying formation with the spent second 228 00:10:15,390 --> 00:10:15,400 flying formation with the spent second 229 00:10:15,400 --> 00:10:30,330 flying formation with the spent second stage of the Titan to rocket then a more 230 00:10:30,330 --> 00:10:30,340 stage of the Titan to rocket then a more 231 00:10:30,340 --> 00:10:31,380 stage of the Titan to rocket then a more difficult step 232 00:10:31,380 --> 00:10:31,390 difficult step 233 00:10:31,390 --> 00:10:33,840 difficult step rendezvous finding and approaching 234 00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:33,850 rendezvous finding and approaching 235 00:10:33,850 --> 00:10:49,920 rendezvous finding and approaching another craft in space the first target 236 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:49,930 another craft in space the first target 237 00:10:49,930 --> 00:10:51,840 another craft in space the first target for Monday who was another manned 238 00:10:51,840 --> 00:10:51,850 for Monday who was another manned 239 00:10:51,850 --> 00:10:55,200 for Monday who was another manned spacecraft Gemini 6 approached within 240 00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:55,210 spacecraft Gemini 6 approached within 241 00:10:55,210 --> 00:11:01,110 spacecraft Gemini 6 approached within one foot of Gemini 7 rendezvous a major 242 00:11:01,110 --> 00:11:01,120 one foot of Gemini 7 rendezvous a major 243 00:11:01,120 --> 00:11:05,270 one foot of Gemini 7 rendezvous a major landmark in the history of manned flight 244 00:11:05,270 --> 00:11:05,280 landmark in the history of manned flight 245 00:11:05,280 --> 00:11:08,370 landmark in the history of manned flight aboard Gemini 7 astronaut Foreman 246 00:11:08,370 --> 00:11:08,380 aboard Gemini 7 astronaut Foreman 247 00:11:08,380 --> 00:11:10,320 aboard Gemini 7 astronaut Foreman prepares to take motion pictures of 248 00:11:10,320 --> 00:11:10,330 prepares to take motion pictures of 249 00:11:10,330 --> 00:11:12,990 prepares to take motion pictures of Germany 6 as the two spacecraft begin 250 00:11:12,990 --> 00:11:13,000 Germany 6 as the two spacecraft begin 251 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:23,320 Germany 6 as the two spacecraft begin their station-keeping exercise 252 00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:23,330 253 00:11:23,330 --> 00:11:25,820 10 rendevouz were accomplished during 254 00:11:25,820 --> 00:11:25,830 10 rendevouz were accomplished during 255 00:11:25,830 --> 00:11:28,370 10 rendevouz were accomplished during the Gemini program the techniques varied 256 00:11:28,370 --> 00:11:28,380 the Gemini program the techniques varied 257 00:11:28,380 --> 00:11:30,260 the Gemini program the techniques varied for this maneuver is important to 258 00:11:30,260 --> 00:11:30,270 for this maneuver is important to 259 00:11:30,270 --> 00:11:33,140 for this maneuver is important to project Apollo the lunar module on 260 00:11:33,140 --> 00:11:33,150 project Apollo the lunar module on 261 00:11:33,150 --> 00:11:34,760 project Apollo the lunar module on returning from the surface of the Moon 262 00:11:34,760 --> 00:11:34,770 returning from the surface of the Moon 263 00:11:34,770 --> 00:11:37,490 returning from the surface of the Moon must rendezvous and dock with the 264 00:11:37,490 --> 00:11:37,500 must rendezvous and dock with the 265 00:11:37,500 --> 00:11:39,950 must rendezvous and dock with the command and service module in Gemini 266 00:11:39,950 --> 00:11:39,960 command and service module in Gemini 267 00:11:39,960 --> 00:11:42,470 command and service module in Gemini conditions of lunar orbit were simulated 268 00:11:42,470 --> 00:11:42,480 conditions of lunar orbit were simulated 269 00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:44,900 conditions of lunar orbit were simulated in Earth orbit and confidence for Apollo 270 00:11:44,900 --> 00:11:44,910 in Earth orbit and confidence for Apollo 271 00:11:44,910 --> 00:11:58,970 in Earth orbit and confidence for Apollo crew 272 00:11:58,970 --> 00:11:58,980 273 00:11:58,980 --> 00:12:01,520 on four of the Gemini missions the 274 00:12:01,520 --> 00:12:01,530 on four of the Gemini missions the 275 00:12:01,530 --> 00:12:03,740 on four of the Gemini missions the rendezvous target was the Agena space 276 00:12:03,740 --> 00:12:03,750 rendezvous target was the Agena space 277 00:12:03,750 --> 00:12:06,590 rendezvous target was the Agena space vehicle during the program the Gemini 278 00:12:06,590 --> 00:12:06,600 vehicle during the program the Gemini 279 00:12:06,600 --> 00:12:08,900 vehicle during the program the Gemini astronauts located and docked with the 280 00:12:08,900 --> 00:12:08,910 astronauts located and docked with the 281 00:12:08,910 --> 00:12:10,760 astronauts located and docked with the Agena x' nine times 282 00:12:10,760 --> 00:12:10,770 Agena x' nine times 283 00:12:10,770 --> 00:12:13,610 Agena x' nine times developing experience and confidence in 284 00:12:13,610 --> 00:12:13,620 developing experience and confidence in 285 00:12:13,620 --> 00:12:17,750 developing experience and confidence in this important maneuver this experience 286 00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:17,760 this important maneuver this experience 287 00:12:17,760 --> 00:12:20,000 this important maneuver this experience is vital to the lunar mission where the 288 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:20,010 is vital to the lunar mission where the 289 00:12:20,010 --> 00:12:22,160 is vital to the lunar mission where the Apollo astronauts will dock twice on 290 00:12:22,160 --> 00:12:22,170 Apollo astronauts will dock twice on 291 00:12:22,170 --> 00:12:24,020 Apollo astronauts will dock twice on their journey from the earth to the moon 292 00:12:24,020 --> 00:12:24,030 their journey from the earth to the moon 293 00:12:24,030 --> 00:12:33,830 their journey from the earth to the moon and back 294 00:12:33,830 --> 00:12:33,840 295 00:12:33,840 --> 00:12:36,770 as the spacecraft moved in docking 296 00:12:36,770 --> 00:12:36,780 as the spacecraft moved in docking 297 00:12:36,780 --> 00:12:38,420 as the spacecraft moved in docking lights aboard the vehicle helped guide 298 00:12:38,420 --> 00:12:38,430 lights aboard the vehicle helped guide 299 00:12:38,430 --> 00:12:41,030 lights aboard the vehicle helped guide the pilot during the final stages of the 300 00:12:41,030 --> 00:12:41,040 the pilot during the final stages of the 301 00:12:41,040 --> 00:13:00,470 the pilot during the final stages of the manoeuvre but not everything always went 302 00:13:00,470 --> 00:13:00,480 manoeuvre but not everything always went 303 00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:03,650 manoeuvre but not everything always went according to plan on Gemini 8 a thruster 304 00:13:03,650 --> 00:13:03,660 according to plan on Gemini 8 a thruster 305 00:13:03,660 --> 00:13:06,430 according to plan on Gemini 8 a thruster failed causing excessive yaw and roll 306 00:13:06,430 --> 00:13:06,440 failed causing excessive yaw and roll 307 00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:08,720 failed causing excessive yaw and roll unable to find the source of trouble 308 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:08,730 unable to find the source of trouble 309 00:13:08,730 --> 00:13:15,100 unable to find the source of trouble command pilot Armstrong undock 310 00:13:15,100 --> 00:13:15,110 311 00:13:15,110 --> 00:13:17,440 the roll rate accelerated reaching an 312 00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:17,450 the roll rate accelerated reaching an 313 00:13:17,450 --> 00:13:19,900 the roll rate accelerated reaching an alarming one revolution for second but 314 00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:19,910 alarming one revolution for second but 315 00:13:19,910 --> 00:13:23,080 alarming one revolution for second but Armstrong fought and won his struggle to 316 00:13:23,080 --> 00:13:23,090 Armstrong fought and won his struggle to 317 00:13:23,090 --> 00:13:25,420 Armstrong fought and won his struggle to regain control and he brought Gemini 8 318 00:13:25,420 --> 00:13:25,430 regain control and he brought Gemini 8 319 00:13:25,430 --> 00:13:35,170 regain control and he brought Gemini 8 to a safe landing on Gemini 9 when an 320 00:13:35,170 --> 00:13:35,180 to a safe landing on Gemini 9 when an 321 00:13:35,180 --> 00:13:37,180 to a safe landing on Gemini 9 when an Atlas rocket failed to place the Agena 322 00:13:37,180 --> 00:13:37,190 Atlas rocket failed to place the Agena 323 00:13:37,190 --> 00:13:39,820 Atlas rocket failed to place the Agena into orbit a substitute docking target 324 00:13:39,820 --> 00:13:39,830 into orbit a substitute docking target 325 00:13:39,830 --> 00:13:42,100 into orbit a substitute docking target was launched trouble developed on the 326 00:13:42,100 --> 00:13:42,110 was launched trouble developed on the 327 00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:43,900 was launched trouble developed on the new target when its shroud failed to 328 00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:43,910 new target when its shroud failed to 329 00:13:43,910 --> 00:13:46,090 new target when its shroud failed to separate leaving what the astronauts 330 00:13:46,090 --> 00:13:46,100 separate leaving what the astronauts 331 00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:56,970 separate leaving what the astronauts quickly named the angry alligator 332 00:13:56,970 --> 00:13:56,980 333 00:13:56,980 --> 00:13:59,290 although the docking maneuver had to be 334 00:13:59,290 --> 00:13:59,300 although the docking maneuver had to be 335 00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:02,140 although the docking maneuver had to be canceled the flight plan was revised so 336 00:14:02,140 --> 00:14:02,150 canceled the flight plan was revised so 337 00:14:02,150 --> 00:14:03,940 canceled the flight plan was revised so the astronauts could go on to practice 338 00:14:03,940 --> 00:14:03,950 the astronauts could go on to practice 339 00:14:03,950 --> 00:14:05,830 the astronauts could go on to practice rendezvous two more times 340 00:14:05,830 --> 00:14:05,840 rendezvous two more times 341 00:14:05,840 --> 00:14:07,810 rendezvous two more times developing faith and their ability to 342 00:14:07,810 --> 00:14:07,820 developing faith and their ability to 343 00:14:07,820 --> 00:14:10,750 developing faith and their ability to cope with adversity and to learn from 344 00:14:10,750 --> 00:14:10,760 cope with adversity and to learn from 345 00:14:10,760 --> 00:14:27,050 cope with adversity and to learn from the unexpected 346 00:14:27,050 --> 00:14:27,060 347 00:14:27,060 --> 00:14:30,210 on two missions the Gemini astronauts 348 00:14:30,210 --> 00:14:30,220 on two missions the Gemini astronauts 349 00:14:30,220 --> 00:14:32,730 on two missions the Gemini astronauts actually assembled a new spacecraft in 350 00:14:32,730 --> 00:14:32,740 actually assembled a new spacecraft in 351 00:14:32,740 --> 00:14:39,470 actually assembled a new spacecraft in orbit the combined the Gina and Gemini 352 00:14:39,470 --> 00:14:39,480 353 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:42,210 after docking they commanded the Agena 354 00:14:42,210 --> 00:14:42,220 after docking they commanded the Agena 355 00:14:42,220 --> 00:14:49,980 after docking they commanded the Agena to restart its own rocket engine on one 356 00:14:49,980 --> 00:14:49,990 to restart its own rocket engine on one 357 00:14:49,990 --> 00:14:52,080 to restart its own rocket engine on one mission this space build vehicle was 358 00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:52,090 mission this space build vehicle was 359 00:14:52,090 --> 00:14:57,560 mission this space build vehicle was flown to a record altitude of 851 miles 360 00:14:57,560 --> 00:14:57,570 361 00:14:57,570 --> 00:15:00,270 from their vantage point in space the 362 00:15:00,270 --> 00:15:00,280 from their vantage point in space the 363 00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:02,520 from their vantage point in space the astronauts had a spectacular view of our 364 00:15:02,520 --> 00:15:02,530 astronauts had a spectacular view of our 365 00:15:02,530 --> 00:15:16,199 astronauts had a spectacular view of our planet 366 00:15:16,199 --> 00:15:16,209 367 00:15:16,209 --> 00:15:18,579 although flight experience was the 368 00:15:18,579 --> 00:15:18,589 although flight experience was the 369 00:15:18,589 --> 00:15:21,100 although flight experience was the primary objective of Germany the program 370 00:15:21,100 --> 00:15:21,110 primary objective of Germany the program 371 00:15:21,110 --> 00:15:23,319 primary objective of Germany the program offered a unique space laboratory to 372 00:15:23,319 --> 00:15:23,329 offered a unique space laboratory to 373 00:15:23,329 --> 00:15:26,470 offered a unique space laboratory to science medicine and technology more 374 00:15:26,470 --> 00:15:26,480 science medicine and technology more 375 00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:29,019 science medicine and technology more than 50 experiments were carried on the 376 00:15:29,019 --> 00:15:29,029 than 50 experiments were carried on the 377 00:15:29,029 --> 00:15:30,220 than 50 experiments were carried on the Germany spacecraft 378 00:15:30,220 --> 00:15:30,230 Germany spacecraft 379 00:15:30,230 --> 00:15:38,210 Germany spacecraft many were repeated on several flights 380 00:15:38,210 --> 00:15:38,220 381 00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:40,700 one experiment was photography of the 382 00:15:40,700 --> 00:15:40,710 one experiment was photography of the 383 00:15:40,710 --> 00:15:43,730 one experiment was photography of the earth masked areas never seen by man in 384 00:15:43,730 --> 00:15:43,740 earth masked areas never seen by man in 385 00:15:43,740 --> 00:15:56,090 earth masked areas never seen by man in their entirety were studied 386 00:15:56,090 --> 00:15:56,100 387 00:15:56,100 --> 00:15:58,830 more than two thousand photographs were 388 00:15:58,830 --> 00:15:58,840 more than two thousand photographs were 389 00:15:58,840 --> 00:16:00,840 more than two thousand photographs were taken from space during the Gemini 390 00:16:00,840 --> 00:16:00,850 taken from space during the Gemini 391 00:16:00,850 --> 00:16:03,570 taken from space during the Gemini program these pictures are being used to 392 00:16:03,570 --> 00:16:03,580 program these pictures are being used to 393 00:16:03,580 --> 00:16:05,040 program these pictures are being used to correct maps and to provide 394 00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:05,050 correct maps and to provide 395 00:16:05,050 --> 00:16:07,020 correct maps and to provide oceanographers geologists and 396 00:16:07,020 --> 00:16:07,030 oceanographers geologists and 397 00:16:07,030 --> 00:16:09,090 oceanographers geologists and geographers with new information about 398 00:16:09,090 --> 00:16:09,100 geographers with new information about 399 00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:31,300 geographers with new information about the earth 400 00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:31,310 401 00:16:31,310 --> 00:16:33,610 the Gemini astronauts also use their 402 00:16:33,610 --> 00:16:33,620 the Gemini astronauts also use their 403 00:16:33,620 --> 00:16:36,009 the Gemini astronauts also use their cameras to photograph cloud patterns and 404 00:16:36,009 --> 00:16:36,019 cameras to photograph cloud patterns and 405 00:16:36,019 --> 00:16:38,619 cameras to photograph cloud patterns and other atmospheric phenomena this works 406 00:16:38,619 --> 00:16:38,629 other atmospheric phenomena this works 407 00:16:38,629 --> 00:16:40,480 other atmospheric phenomena this works supplemented information obtained from 408 00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:40,490 supplemented information obtained from 409 00:16:40,490 --> 00:16:51,040 supplemented information obtained from unmanned weather satellites 410 00:16:51,040 --> 00:16:51,050 411 00:16:51,050 --> 00:16:53,749 hundreds of high-resolution photographs 412 00:16:53,749 --> 00:16:53,759 hundreds of high-resolution photographs 413 00:16:53,759 --> 00:16:56,389 hundreds of high-resolution photographs were made to provide new knowledge about 414 00:16:56,389 --> 00:16:56,399 were made to provide new knowledge about 415 00:16:56,399 --> 00:17:03,050 were made to provide new knowledge about the weather of the world 416 00:17:03,050 --> 00:17:03,060 417 00:17:03,060 --> 00:17:05,210 the astronomical science is also 418 00:17:05,210 --> 00:17:05,220 the astronomical science is also 419 00:17:05,220 --> 00:17:07,610 the astronomical science is also benefited from Germany for the orbiting 420 00:17:07,610 --> 00:17:07,620 benefited from Germany for the orbiting 421 00:17:07,620 --> 00:17:09,740 benefited from Germany for the orbiting spacecraft enables scientists to send 422 00:17:09,740 --> 00:17:09,750 spacecraft enables scientists to send 423 00:17:09,750 --> 00:17:11,750 spacecraft enables scientists to send instruments far above the blanket of 424 00:17:11,750 --> 00:17:11,760 instruments far above the blanket of 425 00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:14,000 instruments far above the blanket of atmosphere which filters and obscures a 426 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:14,010 atmosphere which filters and obscures a 427 00:17:14,010 --> 00:17:20,170 atmosphere which filters and obscures a variety of phenomena 428 00:17:20,170 --> 00:17:20,180 429 00:17:20,180 --> 00:17:23,870 on Gemini 12 an eclipse of the Sun was 430 00:17:23,870 --> 00:17:23,880 on Gemini 12 an eclipse of the Sun was 431 00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:25,850 on Gemini 12 an eclipse of the Sun was photographed for the first time from 432 00:17:25,850 --> 00:17:25,860 photographed for the first time from 433 00:17:25,860 --> 00:17:30,140 photographed for the first time from space 434 00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:30,150 435 00:17:30,150 --> 00:17:31,970 the results of scientific research 436 00:17:31,970 --> 00:17:31,980 the results of scientific research 437 00:17:31,980 --> 00:17:34,100 the results of scientific research conducted on Gemini have been made 438 00:17:34,100 --> 00:17:34,110 conducted on Gemini have been made 439 00:17:34,110 --> 00:17:36,680 conducted on Gemini have been made available to the world not only helping 440 00:17:36,680 --> 00:17:36,690 available to the world not only helping 441 00:17:36,690 --> 00:17:39,049 available to the world not only helping to advance man's knowledge but promoting 442 00:17:39,049 --> 00:17:39,059 to advance man's knowledge but promoting 443 00:17:39,059 --> 00:17:41,870 to advance man's knowledge but promoting a greater measure of understanding among 444 00:17:41,870 --> 00:17:41,880 a greater measure of understanding among 445 00:17:41,880 --> 00:17:47,020 a greater measure of understanding among nations 446 00:17:47,020 --> 00:17:47,030 447 00:17:47,030 --> 00:17:49,210 three of the man Yemeni missions were 448 00:17:49,210 --> 00:17:49,220 three of the man Yemeni missions were 449 00:17:49,220 --> 00:17:51,280 three of the man Yemeni missions were flown to investigate the problems of 450 00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:51,290 flown to investigate the problems of 451 00:17:51,290 --> 00:17:54,400 flown to investigate the problems of long-duration spaceflight Yemeni four 452 00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:54,410 long-duration spaceflight Yemeni four 453 00:17:54,410 --> 00:17:56,020 long-duration spaceflight Yemeni four was a four-day mission 454 00:17:56,020 --> 00:17:56,030 was a four-day mission 455 00:17:56,030 --> 00:17:59,860 was a four-day mission Germany five eight days on gemenese 456 00:17:59,860 --> 00:17:59,870 Germany five eight days on gemenese 457 00:17:59,870 --> 00:18:02,710 Germany five eight days on gemenese seven astronauts Lovell and Borman spent 458 00:18:02,710 --> 00:18:02,720 seven astronauts Lovell and Borman spent 459 00:18:02,720 --> 00:18:23,289 seven astronauts Lovell and Borman spent two weightless weeks in space 460 00:18:23,289 --> 00:18:23,299 461 00:18:23,299 --> 00:18:25,970 these flights confirm the endurance of 462 00:18:25,970 --> 00:18:25,980 these flights confirm the endurance of 463 00:18:25,980 --> 00:18:29,060 these flights confirm the endurance of man and his new spacecraft systems they 464 00:18:29,060 --> 00:18:29,070 man and his new spacecraft systems they 465 00:18:29,070 --> 00:18:30,620 man and his new spacecraft systems they showed that an astronaut can live in 466 00:18:30,620 --> 00:18:30,630 showed that an astronaut can live in 467 00:18:30,630 --> 00:18:32,720 showed that an astronaut can live in space longer than is required for a 468 00:18:32,720 --> 00:18:32,730 space longer than is required for a 469 00:18:32,730 --> 00:18:35,299 space longer than is required for a round trip to the moon and thus paved 470 00:18:35,299 --> 00:18:35,309 round trip to the moon and thus paved 471 00:18:35,309 --> 00:18:45,610 round trip to the moon and thus paved the way for project Apollo 472 00:18:45,610 --> 00:18:45,620 473 00:18:45,620 --> 00:18:48,440 using the Agena space vehicle the 474 00:18:48,440 --> 00:18:48,450 using the Agena space vehicle the 475 00:18:48,450 --> 00:18:50,450 using the Agena space vehicle the astronauts also experimented with a new 476 00:18:50,450 --> 00:18:50,460 astronauts also experimented with a new 477 00:18:50,460 --> 00:18:52,669 astronauts also experimented with a new technique for holding their spacecrafts 478 00:18:52,669 --> 00:18:52,679 technique for holding their spacecrafts 479 00:18:52,679 --> 00:18:55,000 technique for holding their spacecrafts attitude fixed with respect to the earth 480 00:18:55,000 --> 00:18:55,010 attitude fixed with respect to the earth 481 00:18:55,010 --> 00:18:57,830 attitude fixed with respect to the earth normally this requires the continuous 482 00:18:57,830 --> 00:18:57,840 normally this requires the continuous 483 00:18:57,840 --> 00:19:11,870 normally this requires the continuous use of fuel but on two missions a day 484 00:19:11,870 --> 00:19:11,880 use of fuel but on two missions a day 485 00:19:11,880 --> 00:19:13,909 use of fuel but on two missions a day chrome tether was attached between the 486 00:19:13,909 --> 00:19:13,919 chrome tether was attached between the 487 00:19:13,919 --> 00:19:26,779 chrome tether was attached between the spacecraft and the Agena 488 00:19:26,779 --> 00:19:26,789 489 00:19:26,789 --> 00:19:29,310 slightly nearer the earth was pulled 490 00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:29,320 slightly nearer the earth was pulled 491 00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:31,560 slightly nearer the earth was pulled more strongly by gravity than what the 492 00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:31,570 more strongly by gravity than what the 493 00:19:31,570 --> 00:19:34,590 more strongly by gravity than what the spacecraft this small difference was 494 00:19:34,590 --> 00:19:34,600 spacecraft this small difference was 495 00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:36,960 spacecraft this small difference was enough to stabilise the vehicles so they 496 00:19:36,960 --> 00:19:36,970 enough to stabilise the vehicles so they 497 00:19:36,970 --> 00:19:38,609 enough to stabilise the vehicles so they could maintain their position without 498 00:19:38,609 --> 00:19:38,619 could maintain their position without 499 00:19:38,619 --> 00:19:42,600 could maintain their position without use of fuel this technique has important 500 00:19:42,600 --> 00:19:42,610 use of fuel this technique has important 501 00:19:42,610 --> 00:19:51,409 use of fuel this technique has important implications for future space missions 502 00:19:51,409 --> 00:19:51,419 503 00:19:51,419 --> 00:19:53,999 perhaps the most spectacular experiment 504 00:19:53,999 --> 00:19:54,009 perhaps the most spectacular experiment 505 00:19:54,009 --> 00:19:56,129 perhaps the most spectacular experiment of the Gemini program was extra 506 00:19:56,129 --> 00:19:56,139 of the Gemini program was extra 507 00:19:56,139 --> 00:19:58,350 of the Gemini program was extra vehicular activity astronaut ed white 508 00:19:58,350 --> 00:19:58,360 vehicular activity astronaut ed white 509 00:19:58,360 --> 00:20:04,970 vehicular activity astronaut ed white made the first American walk in space 510 00:20:04,970 --> 00:20:04,980 511 00:20:04,980 --> 00:20:07,800 spurts of gas from whites handheld 512 00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:07,810 spurts of gas from whites handheld 513 00:20:07,810 --> 00:20:09,870 spurts of gas from whites handheld maneuvering device thrust him in the 514 00:20:09,870 --> 00:20:09,880 maneuvering device thrust him in the 515 00:20:09,880 --> 00:20:17,370 maneuvering device thrust him in the desired direction floating object in the 516 00:20:17,370 --> 00:20:17,380 desired direction floating object in the 517 00:20:17,380 --> 00:20:19,590 desired direction floating object in the foreground is the astronauts over glove 518 00:20:19,590 --> 00:20:19,600 foreground is the astronauts over glove 519 00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:40,830 foreground is the astronauts over glove left behind in the spacecraft in 520 00:20:40,830 --> 00:20:40,840 left behind in the spacecraft in 521 00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:43,020 left behind in the spacecraft in contrast to ed white successful 522 00:20:43,020 --> 00:20:43,030 contrast to ed white successful 523 00:20:43,030 --> 00:20:45,540 contrast to ed white successful 20-minute walk in space the next three 524 00:20:45,540 --> 00:20:45,550 20-minute walk in space the next three 525 00:20:45,550 --> 00:20:47,520 20-minute walk in space the next three men to venture outside their spacecraft 526 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:47,530 men to venture outside their spacecraft 527 00:20:47,530 --> 00:20:49,970 men to venture outside their spacecraft encountered unexpected difficulties 528 00:20:49,970 --> 00:20:49,980 encountered unexpected difficulties 529 00:20:49,980 --> 00:20:51,930 encountered unexpected difficulties although some useful work was 530 00:20:51,930 --> 00:20:51,940 although some useful work was 531 00:20:51,940 --> 00:20:53,700 although some useful work was accomplished including on one mission 532 00:20:53,700 --> 00:20:53,710 accomplished including on one mission 533 00:20:53,710 --> 00:20:56,160 accomplished including on one mission the historic retrieval of a scientific 534 00:20:56,160 --> 00:20:56,170 the historic retrieval of a scientific 535 00:20:56,170 --> 00:20:58,080 the historic retrieval of a scientific experiment left behind on an earlier 536 00:20:58,080 --> 00:20:58,090 experiment left behind on an earlier 537 00:20:58,090 --> 00:21:00,510 experiment left behind on an earlier flight workloads were higher than 538 00:21:00,510 --> 00:21:00,520 flight workloads were higher than 539 00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:03,270 flight workloads were higher than anticipated the astronauts had trouble 540 00:21:03,270 --> 00:21:03,280 anticipated the astronauts had trouble 541 00:21:03,280 --> 00:21:05,190 anticipated the astronauts had trouble stabilizing themselves outside the 542 00:21:05,190 --> 00:21:05,200 stabilizing themselves outside the 543 00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:07,830 stabilizing themselves outside the spacecraft all three walks had to be 544 00:21:07,830 --> 00:21:07,840 spacecraft all three walks had to be 545 00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:24,969 spacecraft all three walks had to be terminated early 546 00:21:24,969 --> 00:21:24,979 547 00:21:24,979 --> 00:21:26,840 difficulties encountered on these 548 00:21:26,840 --> 00:21:26,850 difficulties encountered on these 549 00:21:26,850 --> 00:21:29,119 difficulties encountered on these missions posed profound problems for 550 00:21:29,119 --> 00:21:29,129 missions posed profound problems for 551 00:21:29,129 --> 00:21:45,700 missions posed profound problems for future space exploration 552 00:21:45,700 --> 00:21:45,710 553 00:21:45,710 --> 00:21:48,920 so another more careful and more tightly 554 00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:48,930 so another more careful and more tightly 555 00:21:48,930 --> 00:21:51,440 so another more careful and more tightly controlled test was prepared for Gemini 556 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:51,450 controlled test was prepared for Gemini 557 00:21:51,450 --> 00:21:55,970 controlled test was prepared for Gemini 12 the last flight in the program higher 558 00:21:55,970 --> 00:21:55,980 12 the last flight in the program higher 559 00:21:55,980 --> 00:21:58,610 12 the last flight in the program higher to this flight astronaut Aldrin trained 560 00:21:58,610 --> 00:21:58,620 to this flight astronaut Aldrin trained 561 00:21:58,620 --> 00:22:00,980 to this flight astronaut Aldrin trained intensively under water pacing himself 562 00:22:00,980 --> 00:22:00,990 intensively under water pacing himself 563 00:22:00,990 --> 00:22:18,920 intensively under water pacing himself for his work in space the tasks assigned 564 00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:18,930 for his work in space the tasks assigned 565 00:22:18,930 --> 00:22:20,660 for his work in space the tasks assigned to him were designed to compare the 566 00:22:20,660 --> 00:22:20,670 to him were designed to compare the 567 00:22:20,670 --> 00:22:22,430 to him were designed to compare the difficulty of working in a weightless 568 00:22:22,430 --> 00:22:22,440 difficulty of working in a weightless 569 00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:24,620 difficulty of working in a weightless environment with work under normal 570 00:22:24,620 --> 00:22:24,630 environment with work under normal 571 00:22:24,630 --> 00:22:32,720 environment with work under normal gravity 572 00:22:32,720 --> 00:22:32,730 573 00:22:32,730 --> 00:22:36,620 on jeongeun's well the problem of excess 574 00:22:36,620 --> 00:22:36,630 on jeongeun's well the problem of excess 575 00:22:36,630 --> 00:22:38,840 on jeongeun's well the problem of excess workload was overcome by frequent rest 576 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:38,850 workload was overcome by frequent rest 577 00:22:38,850 --> 00:22:41,000 workload was overcome by frequent rest periods and the use of improved body 578 00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:41,010 periods and the use of improved body 579 00:22:41,010 --> 00:22:43,550 periods and the use of improved body positioning restraints such as waist 580 00:22:43,550 --> 00:22:43,560 positioning restraints such as waist 581 00:22:43,560 --> 00:22:53,560 positioning restraints such as waist tethers hand holes and foot restraints 582 00:22:53,560 --> 00:22:53,570 583 00:22:53,570 --> 00:22:56,330 extra vehicular activity has important 584 00:22:56,330 --> 00:22:56,340 extra vehicular activity has important 585 00:22:56,340 --> 00:22:59,030 extra vehicular activity has important applications to the lunar mission Apollo 586 00:22:59,030 --> 00:22:59,040 applications to the lunar mission Apollo 587 00:22:59,040 --> 00:23:01,010 applications to the lunar mission Apollo astronauts will leave their vehicle and 588 00:23:01,010 --> 00:23:01,020 astronauts will leave their vehicle and 589 00:23:01,020 --> 00:23:03,440 astronauts will leave their vehicle and install scientific equipment and collect 590 00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:03,450 install scientific equipment and collect 591 00:23:03,450 --> 00:23:06,110 install scientific equipment and collect samples on the surface of the Moon this 592 00:23:06,110 --> 00:23:06,120 samples on the surface of the Moon this 593 00:23:06,120 --> 00:23:08,330 samples on the surface of the Moon this requires experience working in pressure 594 00:23:08,330 --> 00:23:08,340 requires experience working in pressure 595 00:23:08,340 --> 00:23:10,880 requires experience working in pressure suits and performing tasks in the near 596 00:23:10,880 --> 00:23:10,890 suits and performing tasks in the near 597 00:23:10,890 --> 00:23:19,360 suits and performing tasks in the near vacuum of space 598 00:23:19,360 --> 00:23:19,370 599 00:23:19,370 --> 00:23:22,880 the success of EBA during Gemini will 600 00:23:22,880 --> 00:23:22,890 the success of EBA during Gemini will 601 00:23:22,890 --> 00:23:25,250 the success of EBA during Gemini will also give Apollo astronauts returning 602 00:23:25,250 --> 00:23:25,260 also give Apollo astronauts returning 603 00:23:25,260 --> 00:23:27,080 also give Apollo astronauts returning from the lunar surface the ability to 604 00:23:27,080 --> 00:23:27,090 from the lunar surface the ability to 605 00:23:27,090 --> 00:23:29,960 from the lunar surface the ability to board their command module even if they 606 00:23:29,960 --> 00:23:29,970 board their command module even if they 607 00:23:29,970 --> 00:23:42,180 board their command module even if they are faced with docking difficulties 608 00:23:42,180 --> 00:23:42,190 609 00:23:42,190 --> 00:23:44,860 jiminee provided more than 12 hours of 610 00:23:44,860 --> 00:23:44,870 jiminee provided more than 12 hours of 611 00:23:44,870 --> 00:23:47,130 jiminee provided more than 12 hours of experience in extra vehicular activity 612 00:23:47,130 --> 00:23:47,140 experience in extra vehicular activity 613 00:23:47,140 --> 00:23:50,110 experience in extra vehicular activity the training the caution the slow 614 00:23:50,110 --> 00:23:50,120 the training the caution the slow 615 00:23:50,120 --> 00:23:53,830 the training the caution the slow accumulation of facts paid off man can 616 00:23:53,830 --> 00:23:53,840 accumulation of facts paid off man can 617 00:23:53,840 --> 00:24:01,680 accumulation of facts paid off man can work in space 618 00:24:01,680 --> 00:24:01,690 619 00:24:01,690 --> 00:24:04,330 on all German emissions a major 620 00:24:04,330 --> 00:24:04,340 on all German emissions a major 621 00:24:04,340 --> 00:24:06,549 on all German emissions a major objective was to develop re-entry flight 622 00:24:06,549 --> 00:24:06,559 objective was to develop re-entry flight 623 00:24:06,559 --> 00:24:08,769 objective was to develop re-entry flight paths and landing control so the 624 00:24:08,769 --> 00:24:08,779 paths and landing control so the 625 00:24:08,779 --> 00:24:10,570 paths and landing control so the spacecraft could land at a specific 626 00:24:10,570 --> 00:24:10,580 spacecraft could land at a specific 627 00:24:10,580 --> 00:24:12,940 spacecraft could land at a specific place on earth this required the 628 00:24:12,940 --> 00:24:12,950 place on earth this required the 629 00:24:12,950 --> 00:24:14,529 place on earth this required the development of new techniques for 630 00:24:14,529 --> 00:24:14,539 development of new techniques for 631 00:24:14,539 --> 00:24:16,659 development of new techniques for guiding and controlling the reentry of 632 00:24:16,659 --> 00:24:16,669 guiding and controlling the reentry of 633 00:24:16,669 --> 00:24:20,019 guiding and controlling the reentry of the spacecraft this is the view from the 634 00:24:20,019 --> 00:24:20,029 the spacecraft this is the view from the 635 00:24:20,029 --> 00:24:22,299 the spacecraft this is the view from the spacecraft window as Germany we entered 636 00:24:22,299 --> 00:24:22,309 spacecraft window as Germany we entered 637 00:24:22,309 --> 00:24:26,310 spacecraft window as Germany we entered the Earth's atmosphere 638 00:24:26,310 --> 00:24:26,320 639 00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:28,990 glowing particles boiled off the 640 00:24:28,990 --> 00:24:29,000 glowing particles boiled off the 641 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:30,610 glowing particles boiled off the protective heat shield to leave an 642 00:24:30,610 --> 00:24:30,620 protective heat shield to leave an 643 00:24:30,620 --> 00:24:36,690 protective heat shield to leave an incandescent wait 644 00:24:36,690 --> 00:24:36,700 645 00:24:36,700 --> 00:24:40,000 during Gemini 10 man's spacecraft made 646 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:40,010 during Gemini 10 man's spacecraft made 647 00:24:40,010 --> 00:24:41,740 during Gemini 10 man's spacecraft made this fiery re-entry into the Earth's 648 00:24:41,740 --> 00:24:41,750 this fiery re-entry into the Earth's 649 00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:42,760 this fiery re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere 650 00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:42,770 atmosphere 651 00:24:42,770 --> 00:24:47,470 atmosphere Germany 12 was the last its reentry in 652 00:24:47,470 --> 00:24:47,480 Germany 12 was the last its reentry in 653 00:24:47,480 --> 00:24:51,250 Germany 12 was the last its reentry in November 1966 climaxed a program which 654 00:24:51,250 --> 00:24:51,260 November 1966 climaxed a program which 655 00:24:51,260 --> 00:24:54,880 November 1966 climaxed a program which will really have no end for Germany is 656 00:24:54,880 --> 00:24:54,890 will really have no end for Germany is 657 00:24:54,890 --> 00:25:07,190 will really have no end for Germany is illuminating the future 658 00:25:07,190 --> 00:25:07,200 659 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:10,260 our first importance is the fact that 660 00:25:10,260 --> 00:25:10,270 our first importance is the fact that 661 00:25:10,270 --> 00:25:12,630 our first importance is the fact that gemenese sent more men into space and 662 00:25:12,630 --> 00:25:12,640 gemenese sent more men into space and 663 00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:16,049 gemenese sent more men into space and kept them there longer Germany 664 00:25:16,049 --> 00:25:16,059 kept them there longer Germany 665 00:25:16,059 --> 00:25:17,700 kept them there longer Germany multiplied American manned spaceflight 666 00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:17,710 multiplied American manned spaceflight 667 00:25:17,710 --> 00:25:28,350 multiplied American manned spaceflight experience 37 times 668 00:25:28,350 --> 00:25:28,360 669 00:25:28,360 --> 00:25:33,790 we've got you on the boom to feel good 670 00:25:33,790 --> 00:25:33,800 671 00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:36,820 Gemelli an open program helped further 672 00:25:36,820 --> 00:25:36,830 Gemelli an open program helped further 673 00:25:36,830 --> 00:25:38,920 Gemelli an open program helped further promote international cooperation and 674 00:25:38,920 --> 00:25:38,930 promote international cooperation and 675 00:25:38,930 --> 00:25:41,650 promote international cooperation and space people in other nations not only 676 00:25:41,650 --> 00:25:41,660 space people in other nations not only 677 00:25:41,660 --> 00:25:44,230 space people in other nations not only witness Germany as it happened but also 678 00:25:44,230 --> 00:25:44,240 witness Germany as it happened but also 679 00:25:44,240 --> 00:25:45,640 witness Germany as it happened but also helped accomplish the program's 680 00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:45,650 helped accomplish the program's 681 00:25:45,650 --> 00:25:48,280 helped accomplish the program's objectives showing again the necessity 682 00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:48,290 objectives showing again the necessity 683 00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:50,470 objectives showing again the necessity for international cooperation in the 684 00:25:50,470 --> 00:25:50,480 for international cooperation in the 685 00:25:50,480 --> 00:26:08,320 for international cooperation in the peaceful exploration of space 686 00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:08,330 687 00:26:08,330 --> 00:26:11,180 Gemini also leaves as its legacy a 688 00:26:11,180 --> 00:26:11,190 Gemini also leaves as its legacy a 689 00:26:11,190 --> 00:26:13,639 Gemini also leaves as its legacy a greatly expanded science and technology 690 00:26:13,639 --> 00:26:13,649 greatly expanded science and technology 691 00:26:13,649 --> 00:26:16,129 greatly expanded science and technology proof that government industry and the 692 00:26:16,129 --> 00:26:16,139 proof that government industry and the 693 00:26:16,139 --> 00:26:18,259 proof that government industry and the scientific community can work together 694 00:26:18,259 --> 00:26:18,269 scientific community can work together 695 00:26:18,269 --> 00:26:21,230 scientific community can work together to translate man's boldest dreams into 696 00:26:21,230 --> 00:26:21,240 to translate man's boldest dreams into 697 00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:39,400 to translate man's boldest dreams into action 698 00:26:39,400 --> 00:26:39,410 699 00:26:39,410 --> 00:26:41,140 in the front ranks of the bearers of 700 00:26:41,140 --> 00:26:41,150 in the front ranks of the bearers of 701 00:26:41,150 --> 00:26:43,270 in the front ranks of the bearers of Germany's legacy are the astronauts 702 00:26:43,270 --> 00:26:43,280 Germany's legacy are the astronauts 703 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:50,710 Germany's legacy are the astronauts themselves 704 00:26:50,710 --> 00:26:50,720 705 00:26:50,720 --> 00:26:53,720 these veterans are now ready to face the 706 00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:53,730 these veterans are now ready to face the 707 00:26:53,730 --> 00:27:04,019 these veterans are now ready to face the challenge of Apollo 708 00:27:04,019 --> 00:27:04,029 709 00:27:04,029 --> 00:27:06,970 Apolo with its new questions new 710 00:27:06,970 --> 00:27:06,980 Apolo with its new questions new 711 00:27:06,980 --> 00:27:09,850 Apolo with its new questions new problems and longer more difficult 712 00:27:09,850 --> 00:27:09,860 problems and longer more difficult 713 00:27:09,860 --> 00:27:16,450 problems and longer more difficult voyages what after gem knee one question 714 00:27:16,450 --> 00:27:16,460 voyages what after gem knee one question 715 00:27:16,460 --> 00:27:21,100 voyages what after gem knee one question no longer need the s now we know it can 716 00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:21,110 no longer need the s now we know it can 717 00:27:21,110 --> 00:28:24,480 no longer need the s now we know it can be done 718 00:28:24,480 --> 00:28:24,490 719 00:28:24,490 --> 00:28:26,550 you